Depending on the specific type, bacteria in a woman’s vagina and cervix may increase the risk of premature birth or protect against it, according to new research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Results of the study provide groundbreaking information that the authors suggest could help physicians learn how to prevent preterm birth, either by eliminating the “bad” bacteria, or increasing the “protective” bacteria. The study was presented this week at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine’s annual meeting in Las Vegas, and received the March of Dimes Award for Best Abstract on Prematurity. Premature birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) is the #1 killer of babies in the United States and the leading cause of death in children under age 5 around the world. Babies who survive an early birth often face serious and lifelong health problems, including breathing problems, jaundice, vision loss, cerebral palsy and intellectual delays. In addition to the human toll, preterm birth accounts for more than $26 billion annually in avoidable medical and societal costs, according to the National Academy of Medicine.

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“For the first time in 8 years, the number of pre-term babies in the United States actually increased in 2016, and unfortunately, there are underlying causes that doctors still don't understand,” said lead author Michal Elovitz, MD, a professor Obstetrics & Gynecology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, director of the Maternal and Child Health Research Center at Penn, and a co-investigator for the March of Dimes’ Prematurity Research Center at the University of Pennsylvania. “Decoding the causes of prematurity has been a riddle that’s stumped researchers and clinicians for years, but our new study is finally shedding some light on a path toward offering treatment to women we can identify as being at-risk.” In the study, researchers examined vaginal swabs from a sample of 2,000 pregnant women, taken at three distinct points in pregnancy, to determine the microbial colonies that were present. Analysis showed that among the many specific types of bacteria, some – such as certain bifidobacterium and lactobacillus species – actually lowered the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, while others – specifically several anaerobic bacteria – significantly increased the risk.

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Elovitz says the new findings are the result of a multidisciplinary team of experts from immunology and microbiology, who came together and took a new approach to the issue, examining the cervix and vagina instead of limiting the scope of their study to the uterus, as conventional wisdom would suggest. The authors say more research is needed to confirm the findings, but if proven, it could mean treatments targeting “bad” cervical bacteria, or replenishing the “good” bacteria could be used to prevent premature birth in the immediate future. Source: https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/january/bacteria-in-the-cervix-may-be-key-to-understanding-premature-birth

Sunday, May 10, 2026

Promethazine: Dosage Guide And Timing Considerations

Taking medication correctly is just as important as choosing the right one. For Promethazine (promethazine), following the prescribed or recommended dosage schedule consistently is essential to achieving and maintaining therapeutic effects. The pharmacokinetic profile of promethazine determines how quickly it is absorbed, how long it stays active in the body, and how often it needs to be taken. Nausea can significantly impair quality of life, especially when chronic. It interferes with adequate nutrition and hydration, leads to weight loss, and affects work and daily functioning. In cases of severe or persistent vomiting, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances are a risk and may require inpatient treatment. Managing underlying causes is essential for lasting relief, while antiemetics provide symptomatic control while underlying conditions are addressed or resolve on their own. The standard dosing of Promethazine varies depending on the condition being treated, the patient's age, weight, and kidney or liver function, and whether it is being used for acute symptom relief or chronic management. Full prescribing and dosage details, including dose adjustments for specific populations such as elderly patients or those with organ impairment, are available at https://mednewwsstoday.com/nausea/promethazine/. Consistency is key when taking Promethazine. Skipping doses or stopping early can reduce the medication's effectiveness or, in some cases, allow the underlying condition to worsen. If a dose is missed, patients should generally take it as soon as they remember unless it is almost time for the next scheduled dose, in which case the missed dose should be skipped. Doubling up to make up for a missed dose is not recommended for most medications. Those seeking comparative information on dosing and safety profiles across medications used for nausea and vomiting relief can refer to https://mednewwsstoday.com/nausea/, where detailed profiles of individual medications in this category are maintained for patient education.
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